When will people take the perspective of other group members? A meta-analysis of the effects of perspective-taking on intergroup attitudes and actions

One popular method for tackling prejudice is to encourage members of advantaged or majority groups to take the perspective of disadvantaged group members (i.e., “perspective-taking”). However, it is becoming clear that this strategy does not always reduce negative attitudes and can sometimes exacerbate hostility. In this meta-analysis (N = 91 papers involving N = 28, 917 participants) we will examine when and why perspective-taking techniques fail or succeed.