Comparing Recollection and Nonrecollection Memory States for Recall of General Knowledge: A Nontrivial Pursuit

Based on the classic distinction between semantic and episodic memory, people answer generalknowledge questions by querying their semantic memory. And yet, an appeal of trivia games is the variety of memory experiences they arouse-including the recollection of episodic details. We report the first in-depth exploration of the memory states that arise for recalled answers to general-knowledge questions. In 2 experiments, participants classified their answers as learning memory or related memory forms of recollection, as feels familiar or just know forms of nonrecollection, or as a guess. A recollection state was reported for nearly half of the correct answers. Learning memory, related memory, and just know states showed similarly high accuracy and confidence-whereas the feels familiar state was much lower. The differences between familiarity and knowing highlight the importance of distinguishing these oft-conflated states. Our study establishes that episodic memory often contributes to retrieval of general-knowledge, and that the memory states arising during retrieval can be diagnostic of accuracy.