Epigenetics and physical exercise

Regular exercise is protective against cardiovascular disease, the main cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms that mediate these cardiovascular benefits remain elusive. The identification of the molecular pathways implicated in the adaptive response to physical activity will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers. In this context, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been recognized as key regulators of gene expression. Due to their biochemical properties, a wide number of publications have suggested their potential utility as easily accessible and noninvasive biological markers of physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-art research of ncRNAs as biomarkers for exercise-related cardiovascular responses. We also summarize the current knowledge of ncRNAs in the context of exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptations. Finally, we discuss current limitations in the field and propose future steps.