Abstract
El recurso a la información etnográfica en los estudios de arte rupestre no es una novedad. Las primeras referencias datan ya de finales del siglo XIX, con las teorías totémicas del arte rupestre Paleolítico europeo. Desde ese momento y durante décadas se ha recurrido a ana-logías directas desarrolladas a partir de datos etnográficos para defender la existencia de similitudes tecnológicas, económicas y sociales entre grupos humanos pasados y presentes, y proponer teorías interpretativas para tradiciones artísticas pasadas. Entre los investigadores que han abrazado estas teorías destacan Reinach y Breuil con la magia simpática, o Lewis-Williams, Dowson, Clottes con el chamanismo. Otros, como Leroi-Gourhan o Laming Emperaire, han criticado el uso del paralelismo etnográfico como herramienta para interpretar el arte prehistórico, con el argumento de que las diferencias entre sociedades pasadas y presentes son demasiado grandes para que este enfoque sea eficaz. Este artículo ofrece argumentos en favor del uso controlado de los datos etnográficos para interpretar el arte rupestre de las sociedades pasadas, analiza los usos de la etnoarqueología para el estudio del arte rupestre Paleolítico en las primeras etapas, reflexiona sobre sus principales limitaciones y analiza el potencial de la etnoarqueología como herramienta para construir un marco teórico y metodológico más crítico a la hora de analizar el arte rupestre antiguo. Nuestras reflexiones se basan en su mayor parte en nuestra experiencia etnoarqueoló-gica en el oeste de la Tierra de Arnhem y la región de Barunga (Territorio del Norte, Australia).
The use of ethnographic information to inform rock art research is not new. The first reference to this dates to the late nineteenth century, when totemism was used to interpret European Palaeolithic art. Since then direct analogies developed from ethnographic data have been used to argue for technological, economic and/or socially similarities between human groups in the present and past, and to interpret past forms of art. Researchers have embraced these theories include Reinach and Breuil on sympathetic magic; and Lewis-Williams, Dowson, Clottes concerning shamanism. Others, such as Leroi-Gourhan and Laming Emperaire, have criticised the use of ethnographic parallelism as a tool for interpreting prehistoric art on the grounds that the differences between past and present societies are too great for this approach to be effective.This paper presents an argument for the controlled use of ethnographic data to interpret the rock art of past societies. It explores the early uses of ethnographic data to study Palaeolithic rock art, reflects on the primary constraints of this data and discusses the potential of ethnoarchaeology as a tool for building a more critical theoretical and methodological framework to analyze ancient rock art. Our thoughts are largely based on our ethnoarchaeological experience working in Western Arnhem Land and the Barunga regions (Northern Territory, Australia).
The use of ethnographic information to inform rock art research is not new. The first reference to this dates to the late nineteenth century, when totemism was used to interpret European Palaeolithic art. Since then direct analogies developed from ethnographic data have been used to argue for technological, economic and/or socially similarities between human groups in the present and past, and to interpret past forms of art. Researchers have embraced these theories include Reinach and Breuil on sympathetic magic; and Lewis-Williams, Dowson, Clottes concerning shamanism. Others, such as Leroi-Gourhan and Laming Emperaire, have criticised the use of ethnographic parallelism as a tool for interpreting prehistoric art on the grounds that the differences between past and present societies are too great for this approach to be effective.This paper presents an argument for the controlled use of ethnographic data to interpret the rock art of past societies. It explores the early uses of ethnographic data to study Palaeolithic rock art, reflects on the primary constraints of this data and discusses the potential of ethnoarchaeology as a tool for building a more critical theoretical and methodological framework to analyze ancient rock art. Our thoughts are largely based on our ethnoarchaeological experience working in Western Arnhem Land and the Barunga regions (Northern Territory, Australia).
Translated title of the contribution | Ethnoarchaeology and rock art in the 21st century: from direct analogy to the redefinition of the archaeological method. |
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Original language | Spanish |
Pages (from-to) | 163-180 |
Number of pages | 18 |
Journal | Kobie Serie Anejo |
Volume | 16 |
Publication status | Published - 2017 |
Keywords
- Arnhem Land
- Australia
- Ethnoarchaeology
- Interpretation
- Rock art
- Space
- Techniques