Exploring the intensity of power asymmetry in food supply systems: an application of systems thinking

Power asymmetry in food supply systems can restrict local producers' access to mainstream distribution impacting their growth and that of local economies. While prior research acknowledges this challenge, it overlooks how the intensity of power asymmetry varies across system levels. This study applies a systems theory perspective, and in particular complex adaptive system (CAS) lens to explore: (1) how power asymmetry intensity varies across food supply system levels, and (2) what strategies might mitigate power asymmetry for local producers within and across systems. Through 50 in-depth expert interviews with Australian producers, retailers, and policymakers, findings indicate that power asymmetry intensifies on a continuum from micro (e.g., farm-gate sales, farmers markets), through meso (e.g., national) to macro levels (e.g., global). Cross-system opportunities, in hospitality and tourism systems, can diversify distribution channels for local producers, reducing reliance on dominant retailers. The study challenges uniform views of power asymmetry and identifies solution-focused mitigation strategies that could be utilized within and beyond a food supply system. It extends systems theory, in particular CAS, and power asymmetry frameworks in B2B marketing, mapping intensity variations and cross-system leverage. Practically, the findings suggest actionable strategies for local food producers, retailers and policymakers to develop more equitable and resilient local food systems.