Extending micro-credentials to micro-apprenticeships for the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Enhancing vocational education and training in the post-pandemic’s ‘new normal’

As noted in the foreword of this Special Issue, COVID-19 has accelerated the Fourth Industrial Revolution's or Industry 4.0's disruption to the labour market (Kift, 2021). Beyond Industry 4.0 (I4.0), the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of digital technologies by enterprises, underscoring the need for workers to continuously upskill their digital competencies in order to remain relevant (Heinonen and Strandvik, 2021). Besides digitisation, organisations have had to innovate and adopt new business models to adapt to the 'new normal' of surviving and growing beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. In countries that largely relied on skilled migration as an important source of talent, the closure of international borders has restricted mobility of human capital resulting in insufficient skilled employees to meet the current and ever-increasing demand for skills (Guadagno, 2020)