Facilitating recruitment of Amphibolis as a novel approach to seagrass rehabilitation in hydrodynamically active waters

Worldwide, 29% of seagrass habitats have been lost over the past century. Compared with large-scale losses, successful restoration programs are usually only small scale (a few hectares). One area of significant seagrass loss (>5200ha) is Adelaide, South Australia. Improvements to wastewater management have raised the possibility of rehabilitation in this area. Traditional methods of seagrass restoration are expensive and have had limited success owing to high wave energy. We investigated a range of biodegradable substrates, mostly made of hessian (burlap), to enhance Amphibolis recruitment as an alternative. After 5 weeks, 16514 seedlings, or 157 seedlings m^-2, had recruited. Survival declined over the following 12 months to 31.4%, and down to 7.2% after 3 years, in part as a result of breakdown of the hessian, and the wave-exposed nature of the sites. During the initial 12 months, above- and belowground biomass increased 2.6- and 6.4-fold, respectively. The technique may represent a non-destructive, cost-effective (<AU$10000ha^-1) method to restore Amphibolis over large spatial scales and in areas that are hydrodynamically too active for traditional techniques, thus helping ameliorate some of the large-scale losses of seagrasses that have occurred globally.