Abstract
Triplicate groups of juvenile darkbarbel catfish (0.99. ±. 0.01. g) were fed three levels of linseed oil (2, 4 and 6%) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and three levels of vitamin E (50, 200 and 400. mg/kg diet) for 60. days under two ammonia concentrations (0.01 and 5.70. mg/L total ammonia nitrogen, TA-N). Growth performance, immune response and pathogen resistance of fish were higher in fish under low ammonia conditions. Under high ammonia, fish fed 400. mg/kg vitamin E showed higher growth performance and immune response. Blood status and immune responses were improved in fish fed 6% linseed oil. However, fish fed 2% linseed oil or 400. mg/kg vitamin E showed a lower level of malondialdehyde regardless of ammonia levels. After 14. days infection of Edwardsiella ictaluri, cumulative mortality was lowest when fish were exposed to high ammonia and fed on 4-6% linseed oil. Fish fed 6% linseed oil or 400. mg/kg vitamin E yielded a higher level of antibody titer regardless of ammonia addition. This study indicates that the harmful effects of ammonia on fish can be mitigated when fish are fed on 2% linseed oil and 400. mg/kg vitamin E.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 18-27 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Aquaculture |
Volume | 406-407 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 5 Aug 2013 |
Keywords
- Ammonia
- Disease resistance
- Immune
- Linseed oil
- Vitamin E