Important carotenoids derived from marine biomass: Extraction, stabilization, and potentiality in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical application

Marine organisms are an important source of bioactive compounds, among which marine carotenoids have garnered attention for their health benefits. Hundreds of carotenoids are extracted from different natural biomass; among them marine carotenoids always have special appeal due to their unique properties. This review discusses recent literature on marine carotenoids, extraction and stabilization methods, and their applications in various industries. Green extraction techniques that use supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO₂) and natural deep eutectic solvents were highlighted in addition to conventional extraction solvents. As most natural carotenoids are highly unstable, this review describes recent advances to stabilize these bioactive compounds. This work offers new insights into marine carotenoids and their potential application in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.