Iraq, English in

Iraq has a long history of foreign language teaching. This entry divides the history of English teaching more specifically into four divisions: British Colonialism and its aftermath (1873–1970); the Ba'ath Regime, Gulf wars, and their impact (1971–2006); democracy to end of occupation (2007–2011); and end of occupation (2012–present). The entry notes that despite the differential impacts in terms of curriculum, source of course materials, and pedagogy in the different periods, all periods are shaped by internal factors including trade, war, occupation, and global events.