Mesoporous Materials for Electrochemical Biosensors: From Broad Structure to Silica Film

Mesoporous materials, characterized by tunable pore structures, large surface areas, and versatile surface properties, have become essential for advancing electrochemical biosensors. Their unique structural features enable efficient immobilization of biomolecules, enhancing electron transfer and amplifying signal transduction, which are vital for precise and selective detection of analytes within complex biological environments. This review provides a thorough discussion of scaffold-based mesoporous materials, including mesoporous silica, carbon, metals, metal oxides, metal-organic and covalent organic frameworks. We are focusing on their design strategies, synthesis techniques, and functional integration into biosensing systems. We emphasize recent innovations that leverage these materials for health monitoring and clinical diagnostics, targeting clinically relevant biomarkers such as glucose, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites linked to specific diseases. Moreover, we explore the role of mesoporous silica thin films in the operation of miniaturized biosensors, highlighting their potential in wearable and point-of-care applications. By systematically evaluating performance metrics and addressing reproducibility and scalability challenges, this review outlines crucial pathways for future research. Additionally, we discuss how advances in materials science, surface enhancement, and device integration are driving the development of next-generation real-time, non-invasive, and personalized diagnostic tools.