Optimal Sizing of Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage for Residential Houses in South Australia by Considering Vehicle-to-Home Operation

This paper presents the optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage systems (BESs) for grid-connected houses with electric vehicles (EVs) by considering vehicle-to-home (V2H) operation. To minimise the cost for residential households, particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is utilised, and a novel rule-based home energy management system (HEMS) is implemented. Stochastic functions are used to investigate the uncertainties regarding the availability of EVs based on arrival and departure times and initial state of charge (SOC). The impact of V2H integration, maximum daily energy export, and electricity costs are thoroughly examined through simulations and sensitivity analysis. The simulation results confirm that utilising V2H operation in a grid-connected household can eliminate the need for a BES while still reducing electricity costs about 5% compared to a household equipped with PV, BES, and EV without V2H operation.