Outcome measurement instruments used to measure diet-related outcomes in infancy: A scoping review

Karen Matvienko-Sikar; Moira Duffy; Eibhlín Looney; Reindolf Anokye; Catherine S. Birken; Vicki Brown; Darren Dahly; Ann S. Doherty; Dimity Dutch; Rebecca Golley; Brittany J. Johnson; Patricia Leahy-Warren; Marian McBride; Elizabeth McCarthy; Andrew W. Murphy; Sarah Redsell; Caroline B. Terwee

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.107980

Outcome measurement instruments used to measure diet-related outcomes in infancy: A scoping review

Karen Matvienko-Sikar, Moira Duffy, Eibhlín Looney, Reindolf Anokye, Catherine S. Birken, Vicki Brown, Darren Dahly, Ann S. Doherty, Dimity Dutch, Rebecca Golley, Brittany J. Johnson, Patricia Leahy-Warren, Marian McBride, Elizabeth McCarthy, Andrew W. Murphy, Sarah Redsell, Caroline B. Terwee

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

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Abstract

Introduction: Supporting positive diet behaviours during infancy is essential to support child health and prevent childhood obesity. How infant diet-related outcomes are measured in trials is crucial to determining intervention effectiveness. This scoping review examined what and how outcome measurement instruments are currently used to measure 13 infant diet-related outcomes from a previously developed core outcome set.

Methods: The databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched from inception to September 2023. Eligible studies reported trials that included infants ≤1 year old and at least one diet-related outcome measurement instrument. Titles/abstracts and full texts were independently screened in duplicate. Data were narratively synthesised.

Results: 136 studies reporting 133 trials were included. Outcome measurement instruments used included 66 questionnaires (n = 70 studies), 65 individual questions (n = 45 studies), 24 food diaries/records (n = 21 studies), 11 24-hour dietary recall (n = 11 studies), and healthcare record data (n = 6 studies). Outcome measurement instruments were predominantly self-administered by researchers in participants homes. There was a lack of reporting for some outcome measurements used.

Conclusion: Review findings highlight the need to improve clarity and completeness of outcome reporting. The findings also provide an important first step to address heterogeneity in measurement of infant diet-related outcomes. Consistent measurement of diet-related outcomes is needed to improve synthesis and evaluation of obesity prevention interventions.

Original language	English
Article number	107980
Number of pages	16
Journal	Appetite
Volume	210
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107980
Publication status	Published - 1 Jun 2025

Keywords

Breastfeeding
Childhood obesity
Complementary feeding
Diet
Infant feeding
Outcome measurement

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Matvienko-Sikar, K., Duffy, M., Looney, E., Anokye, R., Birken, C. S., Brown, V., Dahly, D., Doherty, A. S., Dutch, D., Golley, R., Johnson, B. J., Leahy-Warren, P., McBride, M., McCarthy, E., Murphy, A. W., Redsell, S., & Terwee, C. B. (2025). Outcome measurement instruments used to measure diet-related outcomes in infancy: A scoping review. Appetite, 210, Article 107980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107980

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title = "Outcome measurement instruments used to measure diet-related outcomes in infancy: A scoping review",

abstract = "Introduction: Supporting positive diet behaviours during infancy is essential to support child health and prevent childhood obesity. How infant diet-related outcomes are measured in trials is crucial to determining intervention effectiveness. This scoping review examined what and how outcome measurement instruments are currently used to measure 13 infant diet-related outcomes from a previously developed core outcome set. Methods: The databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched from inception to September 2023. Eligible studies reported trials that included infants ≤1 year old and at least one diet-related outcome measurement instrument. Titles/abstracts and full texts were independently screened in duplicate. Data were narratively synthesised. Results: 136 studies reporting 133 trials were included. Outcome measurement instruments used included 66 questionnaires (n = 70 studies), 65 individual questions (n = 45 studies), 24 food diaries/records (n = 21 studies), 11 24-hour dietary recall (n = 11 studies), and healthcare record data (n = 6 studies). Outcome measurement instruments were predominantly self-administered by researchers in participants homes. There was a lack of reporting for some outcome measurements used. Conclusion: Review findings highlight the need to improve clarity and completeness of outcome reporting. The findings also provide an important first step to address heterogeneity in measurement of infant diet-related outcomes. Consistent measurement of diet-related outcomes is needed to improve synthesis and evaluation of obesity prevention interventions.",

keywords = "Breastfeeding, Childhood obesity, Complementary feeding, Diet, Infant feeding, Outcome measurement",

author = "Karen Matvienko-Sikar and Moira Duffy and Eibhl{\'i}n Looney and Reindolf Anokye and Birken, {Catherine S.} and Vicki Brown and Darren Dahly and Doherty, {Ann S.} and Dimity Dutch and Rebecca Golley and Johnson, {Brittany J.} and Patricia Leahy-Warren and Marian McBride and Elizabeth McCarthy and Murphy, {Andrew W.} and Sarah Redsell and Terwee, {Caroline B.}",

year = "2025",

month = jun,

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doi = "10.1016/j.appet.2025.107980",

language = "English",

volume = "210",

journal = "Appetite",

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Matvienko-Sikar, K, Duffy, M, Looney, E, Anokye, R, Birken, CS, Brown, V, Dahly, D, Doherty, AS, Dutch, D , Golley, R , Johnson, BJ, Leahy-Warren, P, McBride, M, McCarthy, E, Murphy, AW, Redsell, S & Terwee, CB 2025, 'Outcome measurement instruments used to measure diet-related outcomes in infancy: A scoping review', Appetite, vol. 210, 107980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2025.107980

TY - JOUR

T1 - Outcome measurement instruments used to measure diet-related outcomes in infancy

T2 - A scoping review

AU - Matvienko-Sikar, Karen

AU - Duffy, Moira

AU - Looney, Eibhlín

AU - Anokye, Reindolf

AU - Birken, Catherine S.

AU - Brown, Vicki

AU - Dahly, Darren

AU - Doherty, Ann S.

AU - Dutch, Dimity

AU - Golley, Rebecca

AU - Johnson, Brittany J.

AU - Leahy-Warren, Patricia

AU - McBride, Marian

AU - McCarthy, Elizabeth

AU - Murphy, Andrew W.

AU - Redsell, Sarah

AU - Terwee, Caroline B.

PY - 2025/6/1

Y1 - 2025/6/1

N2 - Introduction: Supporting positive diet behaviours during infancy is essential to support child health and prevent childhood obesity. How infant diet-related outcomes are measured in trials is crucial to determining intervention effectiveness. This scoping review examined what and how outcome measurement instruments are currently used to measure 13 infant diet-related outcomes from a previously developed core outcome set. Methods: The databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched from inception to September 2023. Eligible studies reported trials that included infants ≤1 year old and at least one diet-related outcome measurement instrument. Titles/abstracts and full texts were independently screened in duplicate. Data were narratively synthesised. Results: 136 studies reporting 133 trials were included. Outcome measurement instruments used included 66 questionnaires (n = 70 studies), 65 individual questions (n = 45 studies), 24 food diaries/records (n = 21 studies), 11 24-hour dietary recall (n = 11 studies), and healthcare record data (n = 6 studies). Outcome measurement instruments were predominantly self-administered by researchers in participants homes. There was a lack of reporting for some outcome measurements used. Conclusion: Review findings highlight the need to improve clarity and completeness of outcome reporting. The findings also provide an important first step to address heterogeneity in measurement of infant diet-related outcomes. Consistent measurement of diet-related outcomes is needed to improve synthesis and evaluation of obesity prevention interventions.

AB - Introduction: Supporting positive diet behaviours during infancy is essential to support child health and prevent childhood obesity. How infant diet-related outcomes are measured in trials is crucial to determining intervention effectiveness. This scoping review examined what and how outcome measurement instruments are currently used to measure 13 infant diet-related outcomes from a previously developed core outcome set. Methods: The databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched from inception to September 2023. Eligible studies reported trials that included infants ≤1 year old and at least one diet-related outcome measurement instrument. Titles/abstracts and full texts were independently screened in duplicate. Data were narratively synthesised. Results: 136 studies reporting 133 trials were included. Outcome measurement instruments used included 66 questionnaires (n = 70 studies), 65 individual questions (n = 45 studies), 24 food diaries/records (n = 21 studies), 11 24-hour dietary recall (n = 11 studies), and healthcare record data (n = 6 studies). Outcome measurement instruments were predominantly self-administered by researchers in participants homes. There was a lack of reporting for some outcome measurements used. Conclusion: Review findings highlight the need to improve clarity and completeness of outcome reporting. The findings also provide an important first step to address heterogeneity in measurement of infant diet-related outcomes. Consistent measurement of diet-related outcomes is needed to improve synthesis and evaluation of obesity prevention interventions.

KW - Breastfeeding

KW - Childhood obesity

KW - Complementary feeding

KW - Diet

KW - Infant feeding

KW - Outcome measurement

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105001597379&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://purl.org/au-research/grants/NHMRC/2006999

U2 - 10.1016/j.appet.2025.107980

DO - 10.1016/j.appet.2025.107980

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:105001597379

SN - 0195-6663

VL - 210

JO - Appetite

JF - Appetite

M1 - 107980

ER -

Outcome measurement instruments used to measure diet-related outcomes in infancy: A scoping review

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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