Abstract
Abstract
This chapter examines tourism as a multidimensional phenomenon that cannot be understood solely through promotional imagery, visitor statistics, or sustainability claims, but must be unpacked using a triadic philosophical framework: ontology, epistemology, and axiology–ethics. It opens by exposing the gap between the image of a “tourist paradise” and social-ecological realities on the ground, then poses three fundamental questions: what is the nature of tourism, how do we come to know it, and for whose purposes and values is tourism organised. Axiologically, the chapter traces the “spirit” of tourism through three layers. First, a cultural ideal derived from the etymology of “pariwisata” as a holistic and transformative journey oriented towards learning and self-enlightenment. Second, a political–administrative ideal that positions organised travel as an instrument of governance and nation-building, from the journeys of King Hayam Wuruk to Soekarno-era symbolic projects. Third, a shift towards a paradigm of socio–economic–environmental development within the frame of sustainable tourism and global agendas such as the SDGs. At this point, the chapter highlights emerging ethical questions when the economic pillar dominates practice and reproduces a “Mooi Indië” mentality that obscures power relations, unequal benefit distribution, and ecological vulnerability. By mapping tensions between profit-oriented utilitarian ethics and justice-oriented ethics that foreground the rights of local communities, the chapter offers a conceptual foundation for reading Indonesian tourism in a more reflective, critical, and power-sensitive way.
Abstrak
Bab ini menelaah pariwisata sebagai fenomena multidimensional yang tidak dapat dipahami hanya melalui citra promosi, statistik kunjungan, atau klaim keberlanjutan, tetapi perlu dibongkar melalui kerangka trias filosofika: ontologi, epistemologi, dan aksiologi–etika. Bab dimulai dengan membongkar jarak antara citra “surga wisata” dan realitas sosial-ekologis di lapangan, lalu mengajukan tiga pertanyaan mendasar: apa hakikat pariwisata, bagaimana cara kita mengenalnya, dan untuk tujuan serta nilai siapa pariwisata dijalankan. Secara aksiologis, bab ini mengurai “ruh” pariwisata dalam tiga lapis. Pertama, ideal kultural melalui etimologi “pariwisata” sebagai perjalanan holistik dan transformatif yang berorientasi pada pembelajaran dan pencerahan diri. Kedua, ideal politis–administratif yang menempatkan perjalanan terorganisir sebagai instrumen tata kelola dan nation building, mulai dari perjalanan Raja Hayam Wuruk hingga proyek-proyek simbolik era Soekarno. Ketiga, pergeseran menuju paradigma pembangunan sosial–ekonomi–lingkungan dalam bingkai pariwisata berkelanjutan dan agenda global seperti SDGs. Di titik ini, bab ini menyoroti munculnya pertanyaan etis ketika pilar ekonomi mendominasi praktik dan mereproduksi mentalitas “Mooi Indië” yang menutupi relasi kuasa, ketimpangan distribusi manfaat, dan kerentanan ekologis. Dengan memetakan ketegangan antara etika utilitarian berbasis profit dan etika keadilan yang menekankan hak komunitas lokal, bab ini menawarkan landasan konseptual untuk membaca pariwisata Indonesia secara lebih reflektif, kritis, dan peka terhadap dimensi kekuasaan.
This chapter examines tourism as a multidimensional phenomenon that cannot be understood solely through promotional imagery, visitor statistics, or sustainability claims, but must be unpacked using a triadic philosophical framework: ontology, epistemology, and axiology–ethics. It opens by exposing the gap between the image of a “tourist paradise” and social-ecological realities on the ground, then poses three fundamental questions: what is the nature of tourism, how do we come to know it, and for whose purposes and values is tourism organised. Axiologically, the chapter traces the “spirit” of tourism through three layers. First, a cultural ideal derived from the etymology of “pariwisata” as a holistic and transformative journey oriented towards learning and self-enlightenment. Second, a political–administrative ideal that positions organised travel as an instrument of governance and nation-building, from the journeys of King Hayam Wuruk to Soekarno-era symbolic projects. Third, a shift towards a paradigm of socio–economic–environmental development within the frame of sustainable tourism and global agendas such as the SDGs. At this point, the chapter highlights emerging ethical questions when the economic pillar dominates practice and reproduces a “Mooi Indië” mentality that obscures power relations, unequal benefit distribution, and ecological vulnerability. By mapping tensions between profit-oriented utilitarian ethics and justice-oriented ethics that foreground the rights of local communities, the chapter offers a conceptual foundation for reading Indonesian tourism in a more reflective, critical, and power-sensitive way.
Abstrak
Bab ini menelaah pariwisata sebagai fenomena multidimensional yang tidak dapat dipahami hanya melalui citra promosi, statistik kunjungan, atau klaim keberlanjutan, tetapi perlu dibongkar melalui kerangka trias filosofika: ontologi, epistemologi, dan aksiologi–etika. Bab dimulai dengan membongkar jarak antara citra “surga wisata” dan realitas sosial-ekologis di lapangan, lalu mengajukan tiga pertanyaan mendasar: apa hakikat pariwisata, bagaimana cara kita mengenalnya, dan untuk tujuan serta nilai siapa pariwisata dijalankan. Secara aksiologis, bab ini mengurai “ruh” pariwisata dalam tiga lapis. Pertama, ideal kultural melalui etimologi “pariwisata” sebagai perjalanan holistik dan transformatif yang berorientasi pada pembelajaran dan pencerahan diri. Kedua, ideal politis–administratif yang menempatkan perjalanan terorganisir sebagai instrumen tata kelola dan nation building, mulai dari perjalanan Raja Hayam Wuruk hingga proyek-proyek simbolik era Soekarno. Ketiga, pergeseran menuju paradigma pembangunan sosial–ekonomi–lingkungan dalam bingkai pariwisata berkelanjutan dan agenda global seperti SDGs. Di titik ini, bab ini menyoroti munculnya pertanyaan etis ketika pilar ekonomi mendominasi praktik dan mereproduksi mentalitas “Mooi Indië” yang menutupi relasi kuasa, ketimpangan distribusi manfaat, dan kerentanan ekologis. Dengan memetakan ketegangan antara etika utilitarian berbasis profit dan etika keadilan yang menekankan hak komunitas lokal, bab ini menawarkan landasan konseptual untuk membaca pariwisata Indonesia secara lebih reflektif, kritis, dan peka terhadap dimensi kekuasaan.
| Translated title of the contribution | Conceptualising Tourism |
|---|---|
| Original language | Indonesian |
| Title of host publication | Pengantar Pariwisata |
| Editors | - Hardyanti |
| Place of Publication | Pekanbaru, Indonesia |
| Publisher | CV. Angkasa Media Literasi |
| Chapter | 1 |
| Pages | 1-28 |
| Number of pages | 28 |
| Volume | 1 |
| Edition | 1 |
| ISBN (Print) | 978-634-7570-68-0 |
| Publication status | Published - 2026 |
UN SDGs
This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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SDG 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth
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SDG 10 Reduced Inequalities
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SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
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SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production
Keywords
- tourism
- philosophy of tourism
- ontologies of tourism
- Epistemology
- axiology and ethics
- sustainable tourism
- Indonesia
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