@article{5351ba479dbb4f40acb806b19e0b7430,
title = "Polygenic scores associated with educational attainment in adults predict educational achievement and ADHD symptoms in children",
abstract = "The American Psychiatric Association estimates that 3 to 7 per cent of all school aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Even after correcting for general cognitive ability, numerous studies report a negative association between ADHD and educational achievement. With polygenic scores we examined whether genetic variants that have a positive influence on educational attainment have a protective effect against ADHD. The effect sizes from a large GWA meta-analysis of educational attainment in adults were used to calculate polygenic scores in an independent sample of 12-year-old children from the Netherlands Twin Register. Linear mixed models showed that the polygenic scores significantly predicted educational achievement, school performance, ADHD symptoms and attention problems in children. These results confirm the genetic overlap between ADHD and educational achievement, indicating that one way to gain insight into genetic variants responsible for variation in ADHD is to include data on educational achievement, which are available at a larger scale.",
keywords = "ADHD, Educational achievement, Genetics, Polygenic scores, School performance",
author = "{de Zeeuw}, {Eveline L.} and {van Beijsterveldt}, {Catharina E.M.} and Glasner, {Tina J.} and M. Bartels and Ehli, {Erik A.} and Davies, {Gareth E} and Hudziak, {James J.} and Rietveld, {Cornelius A.} and Groen-Blokhuis, {Maria M.} and Hottenga, {Jouke Jan} and {de Geus}, {Eco J.C.} and Boomsma, {Dorret I.} and {Social Science Genetic Association Consortium} and Abdel Abdellaoui and Arpana Agrawal and Eva Albrecht and Alizadeh, {Behrooz Z.} and J{\"u}ri Allik and Najaf Amin and Attia, {John R.} and Stefania Bandinelli and John Barnard and Fran{\c c}ois Bastardot and Baumeister, {Sebastian E.} and Jonathan Beauchamp and Benjamin, {Daniel J.} and Benke, {Kelly S.} and Bennett, {David A.} and Klaus Berger and Bielak, {Lawrence F.} and Bierut, {Laura J.} and Boatman, {Jeffrey A.} and Boomsma, {Dorret I.} and Boyle, {Patricia A.} and Ute B{\"u}ltmann and Harry Campbell and David Cesarini and Chabris, {Christopher F.} and Lynn Cherkas and Chung, {Mina K.} and Dalton Conley and Francesco Cucca and George Davey-Smith and Gail Davies and Andrade, {Mariza De} and {De Jager}, {Philip L.} and Leeuw, {Christiaan De} and De, {Jan Emmanuel} and Deary, {Ian J.} and Dedoussis, {George V.} and Panos Deloukas and Jaime Derringer and Maria Dimitriou and Gudny Eiriksdottir and Niina Eklund and Elderson, {Martin F.} and Eriksson, {Johan G.} and {To{\~n}u Esko}, Esko and Evans, {Daniel S.} and Evans, {David M.} and Faul, {Jessica D.} and Rudolf Fehrmann and Luigi Ferrucci and Krista Fischer and Lude Franke and Garcia, {Melissa E.} and Christian Gieger and Gjessing, {Hakon K.} and Groenen, {Patrick J.F.} and Henrik Gr{\"o}nberg and Vilmundur Gudnason and Sara H{\"a}gg and Per Hall and Harris, {Jennifer R.} and Harris, {Juliette M.} and Harris, {Tamara B.} and Hastie, {Nicholas D.} and Caroline Hayward and Heath, {Andrew C.} and Hernandez, {Dena G.} and Wolgang Hoffmann and Adriaan Hofman and Albert Hofman and Rolf Holle and Holliday, {Elizabeth G.} and Christina Holzapfel and Hottenga, {Jouke Jan} and Iacono, {William G.} and Ibrahim-Verbaas, {Carla A.} and Thomas Illig and Erik Ingelsson and Bo Jacobsson and J{\"a}rvelin, {Marjo Riitta} and Jhun, {Min A.} and Magnus Johannesson and Joshi, {Peter K.} and Astanand Jugessur and Marika Kaakinen and Mika K{\"a}h{\"o}nen and Stavroula Kanoni and Jaakkko Kaprio and Kardia, {Sharon L.R.} and Juha Karjalainen and Kirkpatrick, {Robert M.} and Koellinger, {Philipp D.} and Ivana Kolcic and Matthew Kowgier and Kati Kristiansson and Krueger, {Robert F.} and Zoltan Kutalik and Jari Lahti and David Laibson and Antti Latvala and Launer, {Lenore J.} and Lawlor, {Debbie A.} and Lee, {Sang H.} and Terho Lethim{\"a}ki and Jingmei Li and Paul Lichtenstein and Lichtner, {Peter K.} and Liewald, {David C.} and Peng Lin and Lind, {Penelope A.} and Yongmei Liu and Kurt Lohman and Marisa Loitfelder and Madden, {Pamela A.} and Magnusson, {Patrick K.E.} and M{\"a}kinen, {Tomi E.} and Vidal, {Pedro Marques} and Martin, {Nicholas G.} and Martin, {Nicolas W.} and Marco Masala and Matt McGue and George McMahon and Medland, {Sarah E.} and Osorio Meirelles and Andres Metspalu and Meyer, {Michelle N.} and Andreas Mielck and Lili Milani and Miller, {Michael B.} and Montgomery, {Grant W.} and Sutapa Mukherjee and Ronny Myhre and Nuotio, {Marja Liisa} and Nyholt, {Dale R.} and Oldmeadow, {Christopher J.} and Oostra, {Ben A.} and Palmer, {Lyle J.} and Aarno Palotie and Brenda Penninx and Markus Perola and Petrovic, {Katja E.} and Peyrot, {Wouter J.} and Peyser, {Patricia A.} and Ozren Polasek and Danielle Posthuma and Martin Preisig and Lydia Quaye and Katri R{\"a}ikk{\"o}nen and Raitakari, {Olli T.} and Anu Realo and Eva Reinmaa and Rice, {John P.} and Rietveld, {Cornelius A.} and Ring, {Susan M.} and Samuli Ripatti and Fernando Rivadeneira and Rizzi, {Thais S.} and Igor Rudan and Aldo Rustichini and Veikko Salomaa and Sarin, {Antti Pekka} and David Schlessinger and Helena Schmidt and Reinhold Schmidt and Scott, {Rodney J.} and Konstantin Shakhbazov and Smith, {Albert V.} and Smith, {Jennifer A.} and Harold Snieder and Pourcain, {Beate St} and Starr, {John M.} and Sul, {Jae Hoon} and Ida Surakka and Rauli Svento and Toshiko Tanaka and Antonio Terracciano and Alexander Teumer and Thurik, {A. Roy} and Henning Tiemeier and Timpson, {Nicholas J.} and Uitterlinden, {Andr{\'e} G.} and {Van Der Loos}, {Matthijs J.H.M.} and {Van Duijn}, {Cornelia M.} and {Van Rooij}, {Frank J.A.} and {Van Wagoner}, {David R.} and Erkki Vartiainen and Jorma Viikari and Visscher, {Peter M.} and Veronique Vitart and Vollenweider, {Peter K.} and Henry V{\"o}lzke and Vonk, {Judith M.} and G{\'e}rard Waeber and Weir, {David R.} and J{\"u}rgen Wellmann and Westra, {Harm Jan} and Wichmann, {H. Erich} and Elisabeth Widen and Gonneke Willemsen and Wilson, {James F.} and Wright, {Alan F.} and Jian Yang and Lei Yu and Wei Zhao",
year = "2014",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1002/ajmg.b.32254",
language = "English",
volume = "165",
pages = "510--520",
journal = "American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics",
issn = "1552-4841",
publisher = "Wiley-Liss Inc.",
number = "6",
}