Regional Perspectives of Inequities in Chronic Kidney Disease: Beyond the Obvious

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health burden, with significant disparities in incidence, progression, and outcomes across regions—especially in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This review explores regional perspectives of CKD inequities, going beyond socioeconomic determinants to examine the roles of genetics, environmental exposures, health infrastructure, and cultural factors. In high-income countries, disparities often stem from unequal access to advanced diagnostics and therapies. In low- and middle-income countries, challenges include limited health care resources, poor screening programs, high prevalence of infectious diseases, and environmental toxins. The article highlights rural–urban and indigenous health disparities and emphasizes how cultural and systemic factors exacerbate poor outcomes. We also assess how current global health frameworks, such as the WHO's noncommunicable disease agenda, have inadequately addressed kidney disease. The review underscores the need for targeted policy interventions, health education, and community engagement to reduce CKD disparities. By synthesizing data from diverse regions and populations, we argue for a multifaceted equity-focused approach—combining improved access, culturally appropriate care, and public health strategies—to address kidney health inequities globally. This comprehensive understanding aims to inform action and foster a more equitable landscape in kidney care and outcomes.