TY - JOUR
T1 - Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts and Concerns
AU - Itoi, Eiji
AU - Arce, Guillermo
AU - Bain, Gregory
AU - Diercks, Ronald
AU - Guttman, Dan
AU - Imhoff, Andreas
AU - Mazzocca, Augustus
AU - Sugaya, Hiroyuki
AU - Yoo, Yon-Sik
PY - 2016/7/1
Y1 - 2016/7/1
N2 - Shoulder stiffness can be caused by various etiologies such as immobilization, trauma, or surgical interventions. The Upper Extremity Committee of ISAKOS defined the term “frozen shoulder” as idiopathic stiff shoulder, that is, without a known cause. Secondary stiff shoulder is a term that should be used to describe shoulder stiffness with a known cause. The pathophysiology of frozen shoulder is capsular fibrosis and inflammation with chondrogenesis, but the cause is still unknown. Conservative treatment is the primary choice. Pain control by oral medication, intra-articular injections with or without joint distension, and physical therapy are commonly used. In cases with refractory stiffness, manipulation under anesthesia or arthroscopic capsular release may be indicated. Because of various potential risks of complications with manipulations, arthroscopic capsular release is preferred. After the capsular release, stepwise rehabilitation is mandatory to achieve satisfactory outcome. Level of Evidence Level V, evidence-based review.
AB - Shoulder stiffness can be caused by various etiologies such as immobilization, trauma, or surgical interventions. The Upper Extremity Committee of ISAKOS defined the term “frozen shoulder” as idiopathic stiff shoulder, that is, without a known cause. Secondary stiff shoulder is a term that should be used to describe shoulder stiffness with a known cause. The pathophysiology of frozen shoulder is capsular fibrosis and inflammation with chondrogenesis, but the cause is still unknown. Conservative treatment is the primary choice. Pain control by oral medication, intra-articular injections with or without joint distension, and physical therapy are commonly used. In cases with refractory stiffness, manipulation under anesthesia or arthroscopic capsular release may be indicated. Because of various potential risks of complications with manipulations, arthroscopic capsular release is preferred. After the capsular release, stepwise rehabilitation is mandatory to achieve satisfactory outcome. Level of Evidence Level V, evidence-based review.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84966655491&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.03.024
DO - 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.03.024
M3 - Article
SN - 0749-8063
VL - 32
SP - 1402
EP - 1414
JO - Arthroscopy-The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery
JF - Arthroscopy-The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery
IS - 7
ER -