@article{331710242bfe482bbec5347d0d2d1b15,
title = "The association between lower educational attainment and depression owing to shared genetic effects?: Results in ∼25 000 subjects",
abstract = "An association between lower educational attainment (EA) and an increased risk for depression has been confirmed in various western countries. This study examines whether pleiotropic genetic effects contribute to this association. Therefore, data were analyzed from a total of 9662 major depressive disorder (MDD) cases and 14 949 controls (with no lifetime MDD diagnosis) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium with additional Dutch and Estonian data. The association of EA and MDD was assessed with logistic regression in 15 138 individuals indicating a significantly negative association in our sample with an odds ratio for MDD 0.78 (0.75–0.82) per standard deviation increase in EA. With data of 884 105 autosomal common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), three methods were applied to test for pleiotropy between MDD and EA: (i) genetic profile risk scores (GPRS) derived from training data for EA (independent meta-analysis on ~120 000 subjects) and MDD (using a 10-fold leave-one-out procedure in the current sample), (ii) bivariate genomic-relationship-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) and (iii) SNP effect concordance analysis (SECA). With these methods, we found (i) that the EA-GPRS did not predict MDD status, and MDD-GPRS did not predict EA, (ii) a weak negative genetic correlation with bivariate GREML analyses, but this correlation was not consistently significant, (iii) no evidence for concordance of MDD and EA SNP effects with SECA analysis. To conclude, our study confirms an association of lower EA and MDD risk, but this association was not because of measurable pleiotropic genetic effects, which suggests that environmental factors could be involved, for example, socioeconomic status.",
keywords = "educational attainment, depression, genetic effects",
author = "Peyrot, {W. J.} and Lee, {S. H.} and Y. Milaneschi and A. Abdellaoui and Byrne, {E. M.} and T. Esko and {De Geus}, {E. J.C.} and G. Hemani and Hottenga, {J. J.} and S. Kloiber and Levinson, {D. F.} and S. Lucae and Martin, {N. G.} and Medland, {S. E.} and A. Metspalu and L. Milani and Noethen, {M. M.} and Potash, {J. B.} and M. Rietschel and Rietveld, {C. A.} and S. Ripke and J. Shi and G. Willemsen and Z. Zhu and Boomsma, {D. I.} and Wray, {N. R.} and Penninx, {B. W.J.H.} and {Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (Corporate Collaborator)} and Lewis, {C. M.} and Hamilton, {S. P.} and Weissman, {M. M.} and G. Breen and Blackwood, {D. H.} and S. Cichon and Heath, {Andrew C.} and F. Holsboer and Madden, {P. A.} and P. McGuffin and P. Muglia and Pergadia, {M. L.} and D. Lin and B. M{\"u}ller-Myhsok and S. Steinberg and Grabe, {H. J.} and Paul Lichtenstein and Magnusson, {Patrick K.E.} and Perlis, {R. H.} and M. Preisig and Smoller, {J. W.} and K. Stefansson and R. Uher and Z{\'o}ltan Kutalik and Tansey, {K. E.} and Alexander Teumer and A. Viktorin and Barnes, {M. R.} and T. Bettecken and Binder, {E. B.} and R. Breuer and Castro, {V. M.} and Churchill, {S. E.} and Coryell, {W. H.} and N. Craddock and Craig, {I. W.} and D. Czamara and F. Degenhardt and Farmer, {A. E.} and M. Fava and J. Frank and Gainer, {V. S.} and Gallagher, {P. J.} and Gordon, {S. D.} and S. Goryachev and M. Gross and M. Guipponi and Henders, {A. K.} and S. Herms and Hickie, {I. B.} and S. Hoefels and W. Hoogendijk and Iosifescu, {D. V.} and M. Ising and I. Jones and L. Jones and T. Jung-Ying and Knowles, {J. A.} and Kohane, {I. S.} and Kohli, {M. A.} and A. Korszun and M. Landen and Lawson, {W. B.} and G. Lewis and D. Macintyre and W. Maier and M. Mattheisen and McGrath, {P. J.} and A. McIntosh and A. McLean and Middeldorp, {C. M.} and L. Middleton and Montgomery, {G. M.} and Murphy, {S. N.} and M. Nauck and Nolen, {W. A.} and Nyholt, {Dale R.} and M. O'Donovan and H. Oskarsson and N. Pedersen and Scheftner, {W. A.} and A. Schulz and Schulze, {T. G.} and Shyn, {S. I.} and E. Sigurdsson and Slager, {S. L.} and Smit, {J. H.} and H. Stefansson and M. Steffens and T. Thorgeirsson and F. Tozzi and J. Treutlein and M. Uhr and {Van Den Oord}, {E. J.} and {Van Grootheest}, G. and H. V{\"o}lzke and Weilburg, {J. B.} and G. Willemsen and Zitman, {F. G.} and B. Neale and M. Daly and Sullivan, {P. F.} and {Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (Corporate Collaborator)} and Arpana Agrawal and Eva Albrecht and {Z Alizadeh}, Behrooz and J{\"u}ri Allik and Najaf Amin and Attia, {John R.} and Stefania Bandinelli and John Barnard and Franois Bastardot and {E Baumeister}, Sebastian and Jonathan Beauchamp and Benjamin, {Daniel J.} and Benke, {Kelly S.} and Bennett, {David A.} and Klaus Berger and Bielak, {Lawrence F.} and Bierut, {Laura J.} and Boatman, {Jeffrey A.} and Boyle, {Patricia A.} and Ute B{\"u}ltmann and Harry Campbell and David Cesarini and Chabris, {Christopher F.} and Lynn Cherkas and Chung, {Mina K.} and Dalton Conley and Francesco Cucca and George Davey-Smith and Gail Davies and {De Andrade}, Mariza and {De Jager}, {Philip L.} and {De Leeuw}, Christiaan and {De Neve}, {Jan Emmanuel} and Deary, {Ian J.} and Dedoussis, {George V.} and Panos Deloukas and Jaime Derringer and Maria Dimitriou and Gudny Eiriksdottir and Niina Eklund and Elderson, {Martin F.} and Eriksson, {Johan G.} and Evans, {Daniel S.} and Evans, {David M.} and Faul, {Jessica D.} and Rudolf Fehrmann and Luigi Ferrucci and Krista Fischer and Lude Franke and Garcia, {Melissa E.} and Christian Gieger and Gjessing, {H{\aa}kon K.} and Groenen, {Patrick J.F.} and Henrik Gr{\"o}nberg and Vilmundur Gudnason and Sara H{\"a}gg and Per Hall and Harris, {Jennifer R.} and Harris, {Juliette M.} and Harris, {Tamara B.} and Hastie, {Nicholas D.} and Caroline Hayward and Heath, {Andrew C.} and Hernandez, {Dena G.} and Wolgang Hoffmann and Adriaan Hofman and Albert Hofman and Rolf Holle and Holliday, {Elizabeth G.} and Christina Holzapfel and Iacono, {William G.} and Ibrahim-Verbaas, {Carla A.} and Thomas Illig and Erik Ingelsson and Bo Jacobsson and Marjo-Riitta J{\"a}rvelin and Jhun, {Min A.} and Magnus Johannesson and Joshi, {Peter K.} and Astanand Jugessur and Marika Kaakinen and Mika K{\"a}h{\"o}nen and Stavroula Kanoni and Jaakkko Kaprio and Kardia, {Sharon L.R.} and Juha Karjalainen and Kirkpatrick, {Robert M.} and Koellinger, {Philipp D.} and Ivana Kolcic and Matthew Kowgier and Kati Kristiansson and Krueger, {Robert F.} and Z{\'o}ltan Kutalik and Jari Lahti and David Laibson and Antti Latvala and Launer, {Lenore J.} and Lawlor, {Debbie A.} and Terho Lethim{\"a}ki and Jingmei Li and Paul Lichtenstein and Lichtner, {Peter K.} and Liewald, {David C.} and Peng Lin and Lind, {Penelope A.} and Yongmei Liu and Kurt Lohman and Marisa Loitfelder and Madden, {Pamela A.} and Magnusson, {Patrick K.E.} and M{\"a}kinen, {Tomi E.} and Vidal, {Pedro Marques} and Martin, {Nicolas W.} and Marco Masala and Matt McGue and George McMahon and Osorio Meirelles and Meyer, {Michelle N.} and Andreas Mielck and Lili Milani and Miller, {Michael B.} and Montgomery, {Grant W.} and Sutapa Mukherjee and Ronny Myhre and Marja-Liisa Nuotio and Nyholt, {Dale R.} and Oldmeadow, {Christopher J.} and Oostra, {Ben A.} and Palmer, {Lyle J.} and Aarno Palotie and Markus Perola and Petrovic, {Katja E.} and Peyser, {Patricia A.} and Ozren Pola{\v s}ek and Danielle Posthuma and Martin Preisig and Lydia Quaye and Katri R{\"a}ikk{\"o}nen and Olli Raitakari and Anu Realo and Eva Reinmaa and Rice, {John P.} and Ring, {Susan M.} and Samuli Ripatti and Fernando Rivadeneira and Rizzi, {Thais S.} and Igor Rudan and Aldo Rustichini and Veikko Salomaa and Antti-Pekka Sarin and David Schlessinger and Helena Schmidt and Reinhold Schmidt and Scott, {Rodney J.} and Konstantin Shakhbazov and Smith, {Albert V.} and Smith, {Jennifer A.} and Harold Snieder and {St. Pourcain}, Beate and Starr, {John M.} and Sul, {Jae Hoon} and Ida Surakka and Rauli Svento and Toshiko Tanaka and Antonio Terracciano and Alexander Teumer and Thurik, {A. Roy} and Henning Tiemeier and Timpson, {Nicholas J.} and Uitterlinden, {Andr{\'e} G.} and {Van Der Loos}, {Matthijs J.H.M.} and {Van Duijn}, {Cornelia M.} and {Van Rooij}, {Frank J.A.} and {Van Wagoner}, {David R.} and Erkki Vartiainen and Jorma Viikari and Visscher, {Peter M.} and V{\'e}ronique Vitart and Vollenweider, {Peter K.} and Henry V{\"o}lzke and Vonk, {Judith M.} and G{\'e}rard Waeber and Weir, {David R.} and J{\"u}rgen Wellmann and Harm-Jan Westra and H-Erich Wichmann and Elisabeth Widen and Wilson, {James F.} and Wright, {Alan F.} and Jian Yang and Lei Yu and Wei Zhao",
year = "2015",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1038/mp.2015.50",
language = "English",
volume = "20",
pages = "735--743",
journal = "MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY",
issn = "1359-4184",
publisher = "Nature",
number = "6",
}
