Validation of the Satisfaction, Alertness, Timing, Efficiency and Duration (SATED) questionnaire for sleep health measurement

Rationale: Sleep constitutes a fundamental pillar of health in individuals and is an indicator of the health of a population. 

Objectives: Aiming to develop an easy-to-use tool to measure sleep health, we translated to Spanish, adapted, and validated the Satisfaction, Alertness, Timing, Efficiency and Duration (SATED) questionnaire. 

Methods: The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using a sample of 4,385 participants from the 2015 Catalan Health Survey. Criterion validity, construct validity, and feasibility were assessed in an independent sample of 200 subjects who completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, mood scale of the Profile of Mood States, and a 1-week sleep diary. 

Results: The SATED questionnaire obtained adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s a = 0.77), statistically significant correlations of its five items with the total score (rho = 0.55–0.69), and a suitable goodness of fit in the confirmatory factor analysis (x² = 30.93; df = 5; P, 0.001; root mean square error of approximation, 0.049; comparative fit index, 0.99; standardized root mean residual, 0.043). The criterion and construct validity were adequate, with correlations in the expected directions. The feasibility of the questionnaire was satisfactory, being easy and intelligible and requiring approximately 1 minute to complete. 

Conclusions: This questionnaire is reliable and valid for measuring sleep health in the general population. Encouraging the use of SATED is expected to raise awareness that sleep, like diet and physical activity, is a key modifiable factor for promoting health.