What are students doing? An evaluation of informal ICT affordance-effectivity seeking behaviours during formal active-learning tutorials

Students are controlling their information needs by accessing Information-Communication-Technologies (ICT) on smart devices. Universities also utilise ICT affordances to present courses. Yet pedagogies, such as active-learning, have remained unchanged from prior to the advent of ICT. Essentially education pedagogies are assumed to be compatible with ICT affordances. But this is not known. Active learning, such as Problem-Based-Learning (PBL), presumes the learner activates their memory to learn and not their smart devices. Learning is considered a cognitive and constructivist process whereby the learner actively constructs knowledge through collaboratively working in small groups on contextually relevant scenarios. So the question is when ICT access during active-learning incurs a cost on learning and cognition and when it adds?