@inbook{896604bce07a4540a10cbad4e2a574c1,
title = "What is neurohacking? Defining the conceptual, ethical and legal boundaries",
abstract = "The word “neurohacking” has been increasingly used in the popular and scientific literature to denominate a variety of activities related to the development, use and misuse of neurotechnology. Given the qualitative heterogeneity of these activities, it is questionable that the notion of neurohacking is being used in a semantically unambiguous manner, hence suitable for scientific investigation. This contribution will attempt to cast light on the notion of neurohacking by conducting a scoping review of the relevant literature and subsequent conceptual analysis. The purpose of this analysis is to create a taxonomy of neurohacking-labeled activities. Furthermore, it will discuss the opportunities and limitations of using this notion in neuroscience and neuroengineering. Finally, it will posit that the neurohacking spectrum encompasses activities with very different degrees of ethical permissibility. Accordingly, a semantic disambiguation is necessary not only to advance neuroscience and neurotechnology but also and foremost for the benefit of neuroethics and technology governance. A further normative ethical and legal analysis is provided to illustrate this point.",
keywords = "Neurohacking, Cognitive enhancement, Cybercrime, Open development, DIY Neurotechnology, Regulation",
author = "Marcello Ienca and James Scheibner",
year = "2020",
doi = "10.1016/bs.dnb.2020.03.008",
language = "English",
isbn = "9780128161814",
volume = "3",
series = "Developments in Neuroethics and Bioethics",
publisher = "Academic Press",
pages = "203--231",
editor = "Imre B{\'a}rd and Elisabeth Hildt",
booktitle = "Ethical Dimensions of Commercial and DIY Neurotechnologies",
}