When the eyes are dry: An algorithm approach and management in general practice

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a common condition frequently encountered yet underdiagnosed in primary care. It can lead to significant morbidity, affecting quality of life. The causes are numerous, while treatment is continually changing.

Objective: This article provides essential information on DED for the general practitioner. While the concept of DED can appear to be simple, several issues need to be considered before arriving at the diagnosis and initiating treatment. This article discusses the approach to DED based on pathophysiology, symptoms and examination, leading to appropriate and effective treatment. 

Discussion: While DED appears to be underdiagnosed, there has been an increased effort to provide validated symptom questionnaires, such as the ocular surface disease index and five-item dry-eye questionnaire, to aid in diagnosing and grading the severity of DED. This has helped with deciding on best management and appropriate treatment options for the patient.