Widespread Wolbachia infection is correlated with increased mtDNA diversity in native bees across the Fijian archipelago

Insects have a complex coevolutionary history with bacterial symbionts, among which Wolbachia pipientis stands out for its prevalence and role in reproductive manipulation. Wolbachia can induce cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminisation, male killing, and parthenogenesis, greatly influence the population genetics of their hosts and are potential drivers of invertebrate speciation. We might then assume that Wolbachia could act synergistically with other factors, such as niche conservation and isolation by distance, to drive speciation in hyper-diverse invertebrate taxa. The Fijian archipelago hosts a remarkable and recently diverged clade of Lasioglossum (Homalictus) bees. Some of these Lasioglossum have highly unusual species-level sex ratios and mitochondrial diversities, which can be hallmarks of infection by a bacterial reproductive manipulator. To examine the role of Wolbachia in Fijian Lasioglossum speciation, we screened the endemic Fijian bees for Wolbachia using the Wolbachia surface protein gene (wsp). We compare the distribution of Wolbachia infection across species with host mitochondrial haplotype diversity and conducted phylogenetic analyses to determine the relationship of host relatedness and symbiont infection status. We found that Wolbachia haplotypes probably span across supergroups A and B. In addition, we found multiple haplotypes were highly similar, with the most abundant group of wsp haplotypes being closely related with the drosophila Wolbachia strain wHa. We found evidence of mostly horizontal and limited vertical transmission, and little evidence for Wolbachia-host cospeciation. We show that, contrary to general patterns, Wolbachia-infected Lasioglossum species have higher mitochondrial diversity. Finally, we present evidence for the potential of multiple modes of host manipulation in this clade.